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Optometrists use a number of machines to test
your vision.

Careers in health care are generally expected to grow between
2010 and 2020, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the
professions of pharmacists and optometrists are no exception.
Pharmacists’ employment is expected to grow 25 percent, while the
need for optometrists is expected to grow by 33 percent — both much
faster than the U.S. average for all jobs. An aging population,
health-care reform and chronic disease, not to mention that huge
baby boomer group, are expected to increase demand for medications
and vision care.

About Optometrists

Both pharmacists and optometrists are called “doctor,” but they
get those titles in different ways. An optometrist is not actually
a medical doctor, or MD, she’s a doctor of optometry. After
college, she spends four years in optometry school and may also
complete a clinical residency for more advanced training. But wait
— she’s not done yet. She must complete the National Boards in
Optometry, and in some states, she may also need to pass a state
exam. Once she’s jumped through all those hoops, she can apply for
a state license.

About Pharmacists

A pharmacist is a doctor of pharmacy, or Pharm. D. Depending on
the program, a Pharm. D. candidate may need a bachelor’s degree,
but some programs just have prerequisites that take two or three
years to complete. Candidates also must pass a special test called
the Pharmacy College Admissions Test. After another three or four
years of pharmacy school, the pharmacist must take both national
and state licensing exams to get a license. A pharmacist who has
his sights set on practicing as a clinical pharmacist or doing
research must complete a residency program that lasts one or two
years..

Duties

Pharmacists and optometrists have very different duties. A
pharmacist fills prescriptions, makes sure patients are taking the
right amount of medicine, checks for interactions with other
medications and educates patients about side effects or other
medication-related issues. An optometrist spends her day in the
diagnosis, treatment or management of eye problems. Optometrists
are the folks who use those odd machines to see whether you need
glasses and then to prescribe lenses or contact lenses to improve
your vision.

Work Settings and Salaries

Pharmacists and optometrist may both work in hospitals, clinics
or outpatient care centers. You may also find them in shopping
malls — nothing like picking up your allergy medication, getting
your eyes checked and finding a cute little black dress all in one
trip. They sometimes work evenings or weekends to meet patients’
needs. Either may be a small-business owner as well as a
health-care professional. Despite the differences in their
professions, pharmacists and optometrists have similar incomes.
Optometrists earned an average annual salary of $107,720 in 2011,
and pharmacists earned $112,160, according to the BLS.

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From Tramadol to Canadian to Exol-5 The New Drug Destroying Nigerian Youths An Investigative Article .From Tramadol to Canadian to Exol-5: The New Drug Destroying Nigerian Youths An Investigative Report on the Shifting Landscape of Substance Abuse in Nigeria Nigeria faces a severe and evolving drug crisis, particularly among its youth. What began with the widespread abuse of Tramadol has progressed through mixtures like “Canadian” to newer pharmaceutical diversions such as Exol-5. This shift reflects deeper issues: easy access to prescription drugs, weak regulation, socioeconomic pressures, and aggressive street-level marketing. NDLEA operations and health studies reveal a public health emergency that threatens an entire generation. Phase 1: The Tramadol Epidemic (2010s–Early 2020s) Tramadol, a synthetic opioid prescribed for moderate to severe pain, became Nigeria’s most notorious street drug. Cheap, potent, and widely smuggled (often from India and other Asian countries), it offered users energy, euphoria, and pain relief — appealing to commercial drivers, laborers, students, and young men seeking confidence or stamina. Scale of the Problem: Millions of tablets seized annually by NDLEA. High prevalence among young males aged 15–35. Linked to increased crime, sexual violence, organ damage (kidney failure, seizures), and mental health breakdowns. Contributed to broader opioid misuse alongside codeine cough syrups. Government responses included tighter import controls and public awareness campaigns, but these only displaced demand to other substances rather than eliminating it. Phase 2: The Rise of “Canadian” (Mid-2020s) “Canadian” or “Canadian Loud” emerged as a popular code for high-grade cannabis (often indica-dominant strains) or cannabis mixed with other synthetics. It gained traction as users sought alternatives or combinations to Tramadol’s effects. This phase marked a move toward imported or locally cultivated premium weed, sometimes laced with stronger chemicals. Youths in urban centers like Lagos, Kano, Jos, and Onitsha embraced it for its perceived “cleaner” high compared to opioids. However, it fueled polydrug use — combining cannabis with opioids, sedatives, or alcohol — amplifying health risks. Phase 3: Exol-5 – The Current Threat (2024–2026) Exol-5 (Benzhexol Hydrochloride / Trihexyphenidyl 5mg), originally a prescription medication for Parkinson’s disease and drug-induced movement disorders, has become the latest pharmaceutical being heavily abused. Why Exol-5? Euphoric Effects: Users report intense euphoria, hallucinations, and a sense of detachment — making it attractive as a cheap “upper” or escape. Accessibility: Sold over-the-counter or on the black market despite being a controlled prescription drug. NDLEA has seized millions of pills in single operations (e.g., 3.1 million pills in Kano in late 2024, and over 5.6 million combined with Tramadol in other busts). Street Names: Exol, Artane, Benzhexol, “Farin Mallam” (in Northern Nigeria). Demographics: Prevalent among youths, laborers, and even psychiatric patients who divert prescriptions. Studies show abuse rates as high as 25% among certain outpatient groups. Health Consequences: Anticholinergic toxicity: Confusion, dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, and in high doses — delirium, psychosis, seizures, and heart issues. Long-term: Cognitive impairment, addiction, exacerbated mental health disorders. Often mixed with Tramadol, codeine, or cannabis, creating dangerous synergies. In cities like Jos, Exol-5 sits alongside diazepam, Rohypnol, and Tramadol on street markets, easily available to teenagers and young adults. Why This Evolution Continues Supply-Side Failures: Porous borders, corrupt officials, and overproduction of pharmaceuticals enable diversion. Demand Drivers: Unemployment, poverty, peer pressure, trauma, and the pursuit of performance enhancement (e.g., for “hustle” culture). Weak Regulation: Many pharmacies sell restricted drugs without prescriptions. Online and street vendors fill gaps. Displacement Effect: Cracking down on one substance (Tramadol/codeine) pushes users and dealers toward the next available option. NDLEA reports ongoing large seizures, but the problem persists due to high profitability and low risk for mid-level distributors. Broader Impacts on Nigerian Youths Education: Increased dropout rates and poor academic performance. Mental Health: Rising cases of psychosis and depression. Economy: Lost productivity among the working-age population. Crime and Violence: Drug-fueled robberies, cultism, and family breakdowns. Public Health System Strain: Overburdened hospitals treating overdoses and chronic complications. Young people aged 15–39 remain the hardest hit, with national surveys showing drug use prevalence significantly above global averages. What Must Be Done Stronger Enforcement: Consistent prosecution of corrupt enablers and large-scale traffickers. Regulation: Crackdown on rogue pharmacies and better tracking of prescription drugs. Prevention & Rehabilitation: School programs, community outreach, and expanded treatment centers (currently woefully inadequate). Economic Alternatives: Address root causes like youth unemployment. Public Awareness: Honest campaigns highlighting real dangers of “Exol-5” and similar drugs. Conclusion From Tramadol’s opioid grip to “Canadian” cannabis culture and now Exol-5’s anticholinergic highs, Nigeria’s drug crisis is mutating faster than responses can contain it. Exol-5 represents the dangerous new frontier — a legitimate medicine turned youth destroyer due to misuse and greed. Without urgent, multi-layered intervention — combining supply disruption, demand reduction, and socioeconomic support — an entire generation risks being lost to addiction. The time for half-measures is over. Nigeria’s future depends on winning this fight.